Centralized VS. Centralized vs decentralized deterministic planning: A case study of seasonal demand of aluminium doors 3. 1 Introduction Over the past decades, centralization/decentralization in archaeological research is commonly linked to the rise of chiefdom/state, emergence of elites/stratification, and. Decentralized – Multiple decentralized teams provide MOps for individual business units or departments. centralization policy that triggered the decline in education has now been fixed with the shift from centralized policy to decentralized education, an educational model that makes schools part of the decision-making process which supports the improvement of the quality of education and human resources. A synonym for enlightenment in the role-playing game Mage: The Ascension. Their all about sharing the power and decision-making among the group, rather than. Centralized infrastructure is antithetical to Web3 and provides vulnerabilities for censorship, failure, and manipulation while rewarding VCs and centralized companies. One thing that works in the favor of centralized exchanges is speed. 6% on average. Meaning of Centralized and Decentralized decision-making. In centralized manufacturing, the owning business is responsible for all materials, equipment, and operations. 1: Differentiate between Centralized and Decentralized Management. Decentralization, on the other hand, is a method and approach by which powers and responsibilities are transferred to units away from the. As far as 6000 BC the concept of bartering was commonplace where small civilizations exchanged things like cattle, teas, food and grains, and even shells that were found. Through this medium, the system is able to use extensive. Most small businesses are centralized in that the owner makes all decisions regarding products, services, strategic direction, and most other significant areas. Cost-effective: Lower equipment, maintenance, and energy costs when compared to decentralized. But, as society became more complex, the structure of centralized societies evolved as well. Having said that, if the minimum position on the VAV box is setCentralized version control systems are based on the idea that there is a single “central” copy of your project somewhere (probably on a server), and programmers will “commit” their changes to this central copy. In their turn, centralized wallets are divided into two types: online (hot storage) and offline (cold storage). Centralization vs Decentralization. B. 5 Drawbacks of Decentralization. One of the most critical queries is determining which components or tasks to centralize. In a centralized organization, the power of decision-making and planning belongs exclusively to the. Truly decentralized exchanges, however, work quite differently. Centralized currencies have one main authority to determine both its value and how it should be used. Decentralization. C. Socially, both civilizations were patriarchal, but Egypt was more lenient towards. Decentralization means dispersal of powers and authorities by the top level to the functional level management. Ultimately. both latent and potent in these works, is easy to summarize: decentralization is positive, it is. Girish Mehta Dec 2, 2018. * Comparison: Both have one main ruler * Contrast #1: Egypt centralized while Mesopotamia decentralized * Contrast #2: Egypt unified while Mesopotamian city-states fought for power. A decentralized IT network has several servers and user groups that communicate through peer-to-peer technology, with each server storing data and. Decentralization: A Principal-Agent Analysis Mariano Tommasi Universidad de San Andrés Federico Weinschelbaum1 Universidad de San Andrés fweinsch@udesa. “Centralized systems face the risk of security breaches, as well as ethics and confidentiality issues,” Schneier told VentureBeat. Disadvantages. Moreover, established centralized exchanges usually support a wider range of cryptocurrencies for trading than decentralized ones. While Decentralization deal with. They generally exhibit lower latency as well due to the even distribution of. Decentralized system. Small businesses often use this structure since the owner is responsible for. Decentralization and centralization differ in terms of incentive efficiency and total social welfare. A centralized exchange is a crypto trading platform that facilitates transactions between users and the blockchain. Decentralized identity refers to when individuals have full control over their credentials and personal data, which are stored within a digital wallet. UPS Worldport is the world’s largest courier hub. A centralized exchange is a crypto trading platform that facilitates transactions between users and the blockchain. The key question in the debate of centralization vs decentralization is whether the specifics of decision-making should happen at a central point in the network, or be delegated away from. Part of the project “Dynamic De/Centralization in Federations,” this article measures dynamic de/centralization in India since its founding in 1950 and seeks to account for observed patterns in terms of changes over time. There are many benefits of adopting this type of structure. Although the centralized identity management model can ensure improved visibility and solve the issues of unauthorized access, its centralized database has a single point of failure that raises the risk of disastrous data breaches. Domain-level autonomy and creative control can be granted, even while central IT involvement is retained. Entering the Future with an Attitude. 13 Centralized HR departments, which are often found in small organizations, may have a higher percentage ofThis essay examines various hypotheses concerning the economic basis for political centralization. 2 “Centralization” is now a word constantly repeated but is one that, generally speaking, no one tries to define accurately. Decentralization. Unlike centralized cloud service providers like Google and Amazon, giving users access to proprietary storage and computing capacity, a decentralized infrastructure relies on a distributed network. Historians can better understand these processes by comparing how they occurred in different empires. The application that runs on our P2P network is called a decentralized application. Basically decentralized nations are more flexible and can more quickly adapt to changes. For example, if one warehouse hits an unexpected obstacle, you can pivot quickly. Like with regular VPNs, you have to trust that the VPN server isn’t monitoring your data. Decentralized exchanges do not have many features to offer. The chart compares it to the decentralized organization. Centralization is the opposite. We keep trying to identify better and new ways. You don’t have to ask anyone for permission to do anything. E. decentralization. Decentralization also means less censorship. III. The video starts with explaining the concept of centralization using an examp. A centralized civilization is a civilization with a higher power that makes decisions for the state. Run on a single computer system and do not interact with another computer system. Decentralized data ownership gives each department the power to create its own datasets and reports instead of having to rely on a centralized BI team. Decentralized System Of Policing Essay. Decentralized society is the structure of liberty. are 10% lower at centralized versus decentralized manufacturing organizations (figure 1). A completely different definition is used by Elijah Sparrow, involved with the Crabgrass alternative social network, in his response to Narayanan et al’s paper. However, it is hard to compare CEX vs DEX on this issue: while a centralized platform will typically have more rare coins, a decentralized one would be able to offer its users a wider variety of tokens. Operational Costs Centralized Analytics: With a centralized analytical model, how methods and processes are executed can have stronger oversight from the core data analytics. Security. At the very least, a centralized police force tends to become too remote and too insensi-tive to the communities it serves. It ultimately depends on the specific needs and goals of an organization. Centralized or decentralized, that is the question. A centralized IT network is one where all users connect to a single central server that stores all their information, as well as network data. Centralization deals with the holding of power by the top at Central points. The Pros and cons of centralization. Here are the pros and cons of a decentralized system: Benefits of Decentralization. Both operational structures have pros and cons and can contribute to. CZ on Centralization Vs. This means that in centralized storage, all data is stored on a single server or cluster of servers, while in decentralized storage, data is. Presenting Comparison of Centralized vs. , often a crypto exchange. In a centralized system, there are more chances that information can be censored. These databases provide users with quick and easy access to the data they need in one place. Decentralization can present some challenges for managing change and innovation, including slower and more inconsistent decisions, decreased control and. The same workforce and identical transportation techniques are used for all inventory handling. This requires the unification of control and activities under a state authority. Chapter 1. both latent and potent in these works, is easy to summarize: decentralization is positive, it is. E. And although managers in the corporate center commonly assume that they know what’s best for the business, those managers are, in many cases, too far removed from real customer needs to make the best decisions. Local Empowerment: Decentralization empowers local units and departments to make decisions that are better. For among the most frequently posited motives for the formation of states is the desire to achieve economic objectives – ones that presumably could not be achieved under decentralized political systems, such as those described by Evans. Over 1. e. And if a VPN is also open source, a community of developers is actively contributing to the safety and resilience of its code. dApps are often built on the Ethereum platform and can be used for a variety of purposes These decentralized applications are made with two things smart contracts and the front end. Meanwhile, all famous. Decentralized apps definitely have their advantages, depending on what you need from your app. Data is the “new oil” with revenues exceeding $1 trillion annually. In a centralized structure, cross-team collaboration ensures that everyone is continually growing and improving. Decentralization (2022) | Binance Blog. 1 In countries around the world, central and subnational governments have been renegotiating their relationships in recent years,In the end, centralized networks are better for specific tasks, whereas decentralized networks are more flexible and versatile. Definition. Like Decentralized networks, distributed networks offer more security, stability, and scalability than centralized networks. Centralization vs Decentralization is a false trade-off. Judaism. Let’s take an example to understand the scenario. Data silos: While centralization aims to consolidate data, it can inadvertently lead to the creation of data silos. Making Effective Organizational Design Decisions. are 10% lower at centralized versus decentralized manufacturing organizations (figure 1). A centralized data architecture means the data from each domain/subject (i. Meaning. This video covers a detailed discussion on the major differences between Centralization and Decentralization. Centralized vs Decentralized Budget Models Deering, D. Within the same company, one unit may be centralized, another is decentralized, and a third does both. Centralized systems often have higher costs because there are more layers of management. You can achieve economies of. Different departments or teams within an organization might hoard data, hindering cross-functional collaboration and diminishing the potential for holistic insights. In the meantime, decentralized nursing stations are emerging as a replacement for the traditional centralized nursing stations; however, not much research has been done on how the. Independent entities are coming together on an ad hoc basis to collaborate on something of common benefit. A decentralized network, the backbone of blockchain technology refers to a network architecture that distributes the storage and processing among several machines (nodes), rather than using a single centralized server. On the other hand, decentralization of authority refers to the management practice in which the decision-making and planning powers are distributed among different lower and middle-level authorities or at the level where the work is to be done. A centralized inventory is an inventory in which activities are performed out from a single place, whereas a decentralized inventory is an inventory in which items are moved from the main office to different sites. Egypt and Mesopotamia grew into complex civilizations. The digital wallet acts as an intermediary and protects the security of the personal data and the privacy of the individual. Small businesses often use this structure since the owner is responsible for. It is easy to observe the effect of these advances when power is centralized: you follow the choices of the central leader. Decentralization has long been advocated as a pathway for strengthening health systems and improving health outcomes. At least three distinct elements are associated with the debate: control, physical location, and function. Maguire on the definition of centralization. Decentralization is the process of dispersing power away from a central authority. Rejeb, Keogh (2021) conducted a SWOT analysis on centralized and decentralized ledger systems for the money supply process. As such, branch managers in decentralized banks have a strong incentive to act on soft information. assyrian empire. Moses led some Jews from captivity in Egypt. . Domain-level environments, even. Slides consist of amazing visuals and appropriate content. Centralization is understood as the control over communication. Responsibility center budgeting and management "lite" in university finance. Studies are usually related to the evolution and dynamics of culture or civilization, but less pertinent to the temporal–spatial pattern and variation of human settlement, especially the insufficient applications of statistics and spatial analyses; also, their relationship with climate. The Persian Empire is an example of a centralized civilization because it organized its empire into regional provinces. This requires the unification of control and activities under a state authority. Generally speaking, a centralized data governance framework may be beneficial for large, complex, diverse, and highly regulated organizations while a decentralized framework may be beneficial for. This means that no single entity can own a company, network, game, or other product if it is to be considered decentralized. It also means centralized ownership of the. Centralized Vs. Centralization vs. More specifically, the focus is on whether tracing apps should function based on centralized or decentralized systems. decentralization. In contrast to decentralized manufacturing organizations, controllable manufacturing costs are 10% cheaper at American Productivity & Quality. IRC, Facebook vs. system: centralization vs. centralization, decentralization, information and communication. A design with no poles and wires is more resilient. Decentralized systems can be less expensive because they often have fewer managers. 5. Communication methods can change the way occupants use a space. In today’s world, we can identify many examples of centralized and decentralized countries: Denmark, Norway and the UK fit in the first category, whereas Switzerland, the US and China are decentralized states. Centralization refers to a system where control is exercised by a single central authority or entity. Liquidity. To be decentralized, a company, network, game, or other product cannot be owned by a. one strong ruler or party • No One Ruler • Conflicts for Power • Potential. They. CONTINUING APPLICATION: Centralized vs. If you have been wondering about the difference between centralized and decentralized, then you must know how the structure of the two approaches differ from each other. S. In this decentralized application, everything runs in all the nodes of the network. The phenomenon of centralization or decentralization has been widely observed in archaeological research. Today, nearly 250 years later, we might think of this ideological rift in terms of centralization (a strong central authority) versus decentralization (a more distributed system). The place of the decision-making authority in the hierarchy of the management i. Here are the top 10 differences between centralized and decentralized storage: Centralization vs. Centralization is a form of organizational structure where solely one unit is authorized to make autonomous decisions, set strategy, determine goals and objectives. 0:00 . India’s federation was considerably centralized at birth across its legislative, administrative, and fiscal. Describe the difference between centralized and decentralized civilizations and give an example of each. As you can see, the centralized organization has a central command of authority. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Aristocracy, Civil Service, Centralized vs Decentralized and more. Characteristics of Centralized System – Presence of a global clock: As the entire system consists of a central node(a server/ a master) and many client nodes(a computer/ a slave), all client nodes sync up with the global clock(the clock of the central node). Gearhead Outfitters was founded by Ted Herget in 1997 in a friend’s living room in Jonesboro, AR. From the companies' management perspective. Centralization implies the concentration of. An organization has a greater degree of decentralization if the number of decisions made and functions affected at the lower level are higher. Abstract . Additionally, how centralized power generation, namely large-scale-fossil-fuel plants, are taken offline as the generation capacity of decentralized resources increases is a delicate balancing act. In today’s world, we can identify many examples of centralized and. While Decentralization deal with delegation. Synonyms for CENTRALIZED: consolidated, concentrated, integrated, united, merged, unified, combined, centered; Antonyms of CENTRALIZED: decentralized, spread (out. Since departments in decentralized organizations can make independent decisions, it’s easier for them to take advantage of new technology in the cloud. Expanding storage capacity can become complex and expensive, requiring careful planning and resource allocation. 1. 4. Since the dawn of civilization, societies have dealt with centralization's benefits and disadvantages. See Also: Organizational Structure: Advantages of Centralization Organizational Structure: Advantages of Decentralization Capital Structure Management Organizational Structure Definition Organizational structure is the way responsibility, authority, and lines of communication are arranged. Learn more. Ultimately, the choice between centralized and decentralized approaches should be based on the unique needs and goals of the organization or system in question. They are an essential part of the cryptocurrency ecosystem and provide a vital service to users. Centralization implies the. Summing it Up. In a centralized network, a central. They can also be used to conduct trades between two. A decentralized database does not have a central owner or a single authority. ar Abstract The architecture of public decision making is changing throughout the world through processes of economic integration and of decentralization. Simply put, data centralization manages the storage, cleaning, optimization, and consumption of data from a single point. Centralized Vs Decentralized Air Conditioning Systems . Decentralized systems are borderless, so it makes no difference if you are sending someone money to somebody in your home town, or someone on the other side of the world. For instance ancient egypt with the pharaoh while a decentralized civilization does not have one main gov like the city-state greece. Centralized exchanges are regulated and follow compliance. Data silos: While centralization aims to consolidate data, it can inadvertently lead to the creation of data silos. they belong to some entity that controls the network), but what they are doing with their tokens are interesting. In this case, a distributed blockchain routes orders and information through a peer-to-peer protocol. Decentralized dispatch can be seen in franchise operations. systems of independent states. Potential Drawbacks of Decentralized Organizations. A simple Google search will tell you that choosing a centralized or decentralized approach. It interacts with almost every aspect of our lives. Centralized purchasing. The centralized procurement team scopes out the project, approaches the market, evaluates suppliers, negotiates a volume. Centralized systems refer to a system where all decision-making and control are in the hands of a central authority or organization. Decentralized Exchanges . Centralized systems of policing give higher authority the center-most division, and this top tier regulates the system all the way down. This type of system has firm control and a micro viewpoint of its entire operations. Commercial air conditioning may be provided by a variety of equipment ranging from low horsepower self-contained systems to the very large built-up central systems of several thousand ton capacity. But, as society became more complex, the structure of centralized societies evolved as well. A group of European privacy experts has proposed a decentralized system for Bluetooth-based COVID-19 contacts tracing which they argue offers greater protection against abuse and misuse of people. The comparison and contrast of these two remarkable ancient civilizations provide a fascinating insight into the. The variable is an important one. This, in turn, leads to faster and more accurate decisions that are well-informed about the current situation. Frequently cited as an example of the congru-ence between police centralization and totalitari-anism is the unification of the German police under the Nazi regime. Decentralization. They have final approval on all business decisions and actions, large or small. centralized or a local authority is in charge of the approval decision. A centralized approach means that most of the decision-making power and authority are concentrated at the top of the hierarchy, while a decentralized approach means that more autonomy and. This deck is well crafted by extensive research. 1. assyrian empire. If a part of the network goes down, the protocol can be redirected through different routes. Complex: DEXs sometimes have more complex user interfaces compared to centralized exchanges. It provides structure, clarity, and direction, and it promotes smooth communication. zation, namely, (i) centralized governmental power, (2) defense, (3) religion, (4) amuse-ment, (5) trade, (6) industry, (7) transportation, (8) finance and banking, and (9) utilities, are now promoting urban decentralization in the form of the exodus of the residential population from central areas to the periphery of cities. Regulation. 1. This single base is responsible for providing the distribution of cool air to multiple spaces. ”. Decentralized. Centralization means that you have a high degree of control and standardization over your supply chain processes and policies. decentralized AI battle is still to come, and the winner is unclear, even the fact that it’s up for debate now is a shift towards decentralization from the conversation’s starting point. e. For instance, a centralized network could be used for strategic and operational communication, while a decentralized network could be used for social and developmental communication. First, unlike centralized supply chains, a decentralized supply chain is less susceptible to disasters. Sparrow uses “decentralized” to refer to peer-to-peer networks, which is what both Narayanan et al and Baran would call “distributed”, meanwhile reserving the label. Centralization is used in small sized firms while Decentralization is used in large sized firms. Bitcoin has had several bubbles since 2010 only to return with greater force and vigor and a more secure network as dictated by its hash rate. A centralized organizational structure is a management system where decision-making happens at the top or executive level. Centralization is the method and approach of administration that manages all services and power from the center. Decentralized architecture may be more difficult to implement and maintain, but it offers advantages in terms of redundancy and security. (2017). decentralize definition: 1. One of the major concerns about decentralized platforms is the availability of rare trading pairs. Centralized organizational structures focus management authority and decision-making in a single executive team, with information flowing from top managers to. At the dawn of modern information technology, this was accomplished using a server, a computer. decentralization. Decentralization, on the other hand, is a method and approach by which powers and responsibilities are transferred to units away from the. Comparison. The challenge of coordinating groups of humans and getting them to behave in productive, peaceable ways has been the central story of civilization. This is especially crucial in industries where precise data is required, such as finance, healthcare, or government. Exceptions To The Rules. Data centralization emerged from the rise in popularity of data warehouses and data lakes. The advantages of a decentralized call center are: With on-demand options, delivery times are drastically reduced. It provides a secure process for identifying, authenticating, and. Centralized Vs. In centralized organizations, communication flows vertically i. from. A common claim about the potential for blockchain technology to facilitate social decentralization is that it could move power from centers—major metropolises, governments, large hierarchical. Start with a free account to explore 20+ always-free courses and hundreds of finance templates and cheat sheets. In the blockchain and cryptocurrency world the utopian dream is decentralisation: the process of distributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or. By centralizing production, companies can benefit from bulk purchasing, streamlined production processes, and efficient resource allocation. E. 1. We assume that the processing times of F and F are independent, exponentially distributed. First and foremost is cost efficiency. The most expensive major. The terms decentralized organization and distributed organization are often used interchangeably, despite describing two distinct phenomena. In practice, many organizations adopt a hybrid. The rising regulatory compliance and security concerns is driving the growth of the identity management market, which is projected to grow from ±$13B in 2021 to ±$34B in 2028. who - city on nile river what - cush capital why -. The debate over the better approach boils down to effectiveness versus the current and future risks associated with. Less transparent. A significant level of operational flexibility is required. Adopting a centralized or decentralized system requires consideration of how to maximize social welfare. In decentralization, a higher number of people from each level are involved in the decision-making process. When it comes to choosing centralized vs. One key takeaway is the importance of finding a balance between centralization and decentralization. When clarifying the mechanisms of regulations, it is necessary to consider both economic growth and environmental protection. Centralization and decentralization of power structure: A theory of ruling risks and empirical evidence from Chinese history. Both civilizations had complex religious beliefs and engaged in human sacrifices, but the Incas had a more centralized government system compared to the Aztecs. Startups The battle in AI is but one key front in the larger battle between big tech companies and startups. Centralized and decentralized order batchers are central to this discussion, each representing a different approach to order matching. Employees and managers in lower positions rarely implement or make. Describe the difference between centralized and decentralized civilizations and give an example of each A centralized civilization is a civilization with a government that is centralized. According to research, centralized cryptocurrency exchanges execute orders on an average of 10 milliseconds, but a decentralized crypto exchange takes at. Decentralized Civilizations: Western Europe and Japan 600-1450 Mr. monotheistic religion that originated with Jewish people who worshiped god YHWY. Centralized structures use the centralizing of decision making to keep alignment within the organization. Decentralization is the distribution of functions, control and information instead of centralizing them in a single entity. Having a centralized set of guidelines for information management which is issued to departments and business units, providing a standard set. For example, a company decides to standardize its cleaning services across 20 different office locations. Decentralization, in this discourse. Leveraging blockchain technology in identity management is expected to boost this growth as it brings back data ownership to the users, protecting them from exploits and. But going a step further, it eliminates centralization. All decentralized networks allow anyone, anywhere in the world, to participate in them, and to freely enjoy their benefits. C. Respond faster to new IT trends. A centralized authority has more control over the flow of information, which makes other parts of the system less knowledgeable about what may be going on within. In order to decide which is the most suitable, the procurement team must be aligned with business priorities and strategic objectives. Centralization vs. From our personal identities and financial information to the most confidential data of organizations — it remains the most valuable as well as the most vulnerable resource. 2 Centralized and decentralized optimization. 3. 88 among top centralized storage providers across personal and enterprise plans. Personal excellence bringd honor to God. peaceable ways has been the central story of civilization. Centralized vs Decentralized. Centralization vs. Centralized networks are vulnerable to attacks and single points of failure, while decentralized networks are more resilient and secure due to their distributed nature. A historical reviewThe centralization vs decentralization debate has been growing stronger with every passing day. Chiefdoms are a very common form of political organization, found in historical and contemporary societies all over the world. Now, onto the 2nd and main point, by the definition of decentralized, it means a system that can. Speed: Centralized apps are usually faster than decentralized apps, as they can be optimized to work with a single server. Centralization and decentralization of power structure: A theory of ruling risks and empirical evidence from Chinese history. Centralization and decentralization have been implemented in many countries in different regions worldwide for many years. A decentralized exchange facilitates trading peer-to-peer using smart contracts. XMPP. Decentralized Decision-Makingdecentralized structures (50%) and mix of both (43%). Centralized identity and access management (IAM) is a framework for storing and managing users’ identity data in a single location. * Comparison: Both have one main ruler * Contrast #1: Egypt centralized while Mesopotamia decentralized * Contrast #2: Egypt unified while Mesopotamian city-states fought for power. The choice of contracting approaches is. If I would ever consider the decentralized path, they would have to shorten the decentralized path by a ton and. The term is used in numerous sectors and industries, from information technology to retail and government. institutions. Centralization offers better control, efficiency, and standardization, while decentralization provides greater flexibility, responsiveness, and innovation. Peer to Peer Software: Peer to Peer software is uses bits of information. Centralization minimizes duplication of efforts. They are given authority to take decisions without reference to the headquarters. Centralized vs. In 2006, a second Jonesboro location was opened. 3 The centralization/ decentralization issue generally takes one of three forms. Table 3 Ventilation requirements over typical 8 hour period. - "The construction of [irrigation networks] demanded a degree of social intercourse, cooperation, and long-range planning that the old self-contained village culture,. Open Source Software: There are two decentralized organization examples in the computing world. A centralized system is often known as a. Obviously, there is a clear-cut difference between centralization and decentralization. Difference between Centralization and Decentralization. Organizational structure refers to the workflow system that outlines how task allocation, coordination, and supervision are directed to achieve an organization’s goals. The first is Open Source Software. Economics. One of the most important factors is the degree of (de-)centralization of purchasing processes. Decentralized. Different departments or teams within an organization might hoard data, hindering cross-functional collaboration and diminishing the potential for holistic insights. One of the other benefits of centralized purchasing — which is lost when you adopt a decentralized model — is the ability to access economies of scale. Centralized payroll systems have several advantages over decentralized payroll systems, including: Easier to implement and maintain in 1 or 2 countries: Centralized payroll systems are typically easier to implement in 1 or 2 countries. after 1300 B. An efficient procurement policy is arguably. C. While a centralized exchange takes 10 seconds on average to finish a. Even outsourcing to partners has a degree of cost, and for some companies, this extra burden on the budget can prove too much. The Benefit of a Hybrid Approach Between Centralization and Decentralization . Centralized structures use the centralizing of decision making to keep alignment within the organization. . decentralization. Instead of seven direct reports, the president now oversees five direct reports, three of which are based on geography—the Western,.